Novel Ti surface coated with PVA hydrogel and chitosan nanoparticles with antibacterial drug release: An experimental in vitro study.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to design a novel titanium surface coated with a PVA hydrogel matrix and chitosan-based nanoparticles and to investigate the antibiotic release and its ability to inhibit microbial activity. METHODS: Two drug delivery systems were developed and mixed. Chitosan-based nanoparticles (NP) and a polyvinyl alcohol film (PVA). The size, ζ-potential, stability, adhesive properties, and encapsulation profile of NP, as well as the release kinetics of drug delivery systems and their antimicrobial ability of PVA and PVANP films, were studied on Ti surfaces. The systems were loaded with doxycycline, vancomycin, and doxepin hydrochloride. RESULTS: Nanoparticles presented a ζ-potential greater than 30 mV for 45 days and the efficiency drug encapsulation was 26.88% ± 1.51% for doxycycline, 16.09% ± 10.24% for vancomycin and 17.57% ± 11.08% for doxepin. In addition, PVA films were loaded with 125 µg/mL of doxycycline, 125 µg/mL of vancomycin, and 100 µg/mL of doxepin. PVANP-doxycycline achieved the antibacterial effect at 4 h while PVA-doxycycline maintained its effect at 24 h.

How Confinement and Back to Normal Affected the Well-Being and Thus Sleep, Headaches and Temporomandibular Disorders.

The COVID-19 pandemic is having negative consequences not only for people's general health but also for the masticatory system. This article aimed to assess confinement and its new normal impact on well-being, sleep, headaches, and temporomandibular disorders (TMD). An anonymous survey was distributed to a Spanish university community. Participants completed a well-being index (WHO-5), a questionnaire related to sleep quality (the BEARS test), a headache diagnostic test (the tension type headache (TTH) and migraine diagnosis test), and the DC-TMD questionnaire. Questions were addressed in three scenarios: before confinement, during confinement, and the new normal. A total of 436 responses were collected (70% women, 30% men). A reduction in well-being and sleep quality was recorded. Respondents reported more TTH and migraines during and after confinement. Overall, confinement and return to normal did not increase TMD symptoms, and only minor effects were observed, such as more intense joint pain and a higher incidence of muscle pain in women during confinement. Reduced well-being is correlated with sleep quality loss, headaches, and TMD symptoms. This study provides evidence that pandemics and confinement might have had a negative impact on population health. Well-being was strongly affected, as were sleep quality, depression risk, TTH, and migraine frequency. In contrast, the temporomandibular joint and muscles showed more resilience and were only slightly affected.

Novel non-resorbable polymeric-nanostructured scaffolds for guided bone regeneration.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the bone-regeneration efficiency of novel polymeric nanostructured membranes and the effect of zinc, calcium, titanium, and bone morpho-protein loading on membranes, through an in vivo rabbit model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Nanostructured membranes of methylmethacrylate were loaded with zinc, calcium, TiO2 nanoparticles, and bone-morphogenetic protein (BMP). These membranes covered the bone defects prepared on the skulls of six rabbits. Animals were sacrificed 6 weeks after surgery. Micro computed tomography was used to evaluate bone architecture through BoneJ pluging and ImageJ script. Three histological processing of samples, including von Kossa silver nitrate, toluidine blue, and fluorescence by the deposition of calcein were utilized. RESULTS: Zn-membranes (Zn-Ms) promoted the highest amount of new bone and higher bone perimeter than both unloaded and Ti-membranes (Ti-Ms). Ca-membranes (Ca-Ms) attained higher osteoid perimeter and bone perimeter than Zn-Ms. The skeleton analysis showed that Zn-Ms produced more branches and junctions at the trabecular bone than BMP-loaded membranes (BMP-Ms). Samples treated with Ti-Ms showed less bone formation and bony bridging processes. Both Zn-Ms and Ca-Ms achieved higher number of osteoblasts than the control group. BMP-Ms and Ca-Ms originated higher number of blood vessels than Ti-Ms and control group. CONCLUSIONS: Zn incorporation in novel nanostructured membranes provided the highest regenerative efficiency for bone healing at the rabbit calvarial defects. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Zn-Ms promoted osteogenesis and enhanced biological activity, as mineralized and osteoid new bone with multiple interconnected ossified trabeculae appeared in close contact with the membrane.

Topographic characterisation of dental implants for commercial use

BACKGROUND: To characterize the surface topography of several dental implants for commercial use. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Dental implants analyzed were Certain (Biomet 3i), Tissue Level (Straumann), Interna (BTI), MG-InHex (MozoGrau), SPI (Alphabio) and Hikelt (Bioner). Surface topography was ascertained using a confocal microscope with white light. Roughness parameters obtained were: Ra, Rq, Rv, Rp, Rt, Rsk and Rku. The results were analysed using single-factor ANOVA and Student-Neuman-Keuls (p< 0.05) tests. RESULTS: Certain and Hikelt obtained the highest Ra and Rq scores, followed by Tissue Level. Interna and SPI obtained lower scores, and MG-InHex obtained the lowest score. Rv scores followed the same trend. Certain obtained the highest Rp score, followed by SPI and Hikelt, then Interna and Tissue Level. MG-InHex obtained the lowest scores. Certain obtained the highest Rt score, followed by Interna and Hikelt, then SPI and Tissue Level. The lowest scores were for MG-InHex. Rsk was negative (punctured surface) in the MG-InHex, SPI and Tissue Level systems, and positive (pointed surface) in the other systems. Rku was higher than 3 (Leptokurtic) in Tissue Level, Interna, MG-InHex and SPI, and lower than 3 (Platykurtic) in Certain and Hikelt. CONCLUSIONS: The type of implant determines surface topography, and there are differences in the roughness parameters of the various makes of implants for clinical use

Effect of hygroscopic expansion of resin filling on interfacial gap and sealing: a confocal microscopy study.

PURPOSE: To measure dimensional changes due to hygroscopic expansion and their effect on interface gaps and sealing in four light-cured restorative materials using an original confocal microscopic methodology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The materials tested were an ormocer (Admira [Voco]), a compomer (Dyract AP [Dentsply]), a hybrid composite (Spectrum [Dentsply]), and a nanohybrid composite (Esthet·X [Dentsply]). Water sorption was evaluated by weighing material disks after immersion. Hygroscopic expansion was measured from volumetric variations of material fillings in cylindrical cavities in dentin slices; the interfacial gap size was obtained from the same cavities using a novel confocal microscopic method. Microleakage was evaluated in cavities prepared in extracted third molars. Measurements followed water immersion for 24 h, 1 week, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks. A factorial ANOVA, the Student Newman Keuls test for post-hoc comparisons, the Student's t-test, and the Pearson test were used for the statistical analysis (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Positive correlations were found among water sorption, hygroscopic expansion, and sealing. Hygroscopic expansion reduced post-polymerization interfacial gaps and improved cavity sealing. Dyract AP and Admira showed the highest water sorption, hygroscopic expansion, and gap size reduction. CONCLUSIONS: 1. The proposed methodology is valid to measure hygroscopic expansion and interfacial gap. 2. Water sorption and hygroscopic expansion are positively correlated, and hygroscopic expansion, gap size, and sealing are also positively correlated. 3. The adhesive influences the interfacial gap size and its variation after hygroscopic expansion. 4. Hygroscopic expansion reduces the interfacial gaps generated by polymerization shrinkage and improves cavity sealing.

Efecto del termociclado y el acondicionamiento en el sellado de una resina microhibrida / Efect of thermocycling and the kind of conditioning in the sealing of a microhybrid resin

Evaluar el efecto del termociclado y el tipo de acondicionamiento en el sellado de una resina microhibrida. 20 terceros molares sanos se dividieron en dos grupos en función del sistema adhesivo. Estos a su vez se subdividieron en dos de acuerdo al termociclado. Se realizaron cavidades clase V y posteriormente se obturaron con el sistema adhesivo y el material utilizado. Los dientes se termociclaron en agua y se colocaron en solución de fuscina al 0.5% durante 24 horas. Se evaluó la microfiltración del material utilizado. El grupo Esthet-X-Xeno no presentó microfiltración, en contraste con el grupo Esthet-X-P&B NT quien presentó una media de 32 m (1000 Ciclos) en la pared oclusal y 654 m (1000 ciclos) en la pared gingival. Al realizar ANOVA y test DSH de Tukey entre la variable microfiltración y termociclado indican que el termociclado influye en la capacidad de sellado del material, siendo los valores estadísticamente significativos entre las muestras que fueron sometidas a termociclado y las que no fueron sometidas a termociclado (p=0,0000). Asimismo, ANOVA y test post hoc de comparaciones múltiples Tukey entre la variable microfiltración y tipo de acondicionamiento indican que existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las dos variables, observándose que el grupo Esthet-X usado con adhesivo Xeno III no presento niveles de microfiltración y los mejores promedios de sellado, tanto para la pared oclusal como en la pared gingival al ser comparados con el grupo Esthet-X- Prime&Bond p=0,0000). El termociclado y el acondicionamiento de la superficie influyen en la capacidad de sellado de la resina microhibrida. El termociclado disminuye la capacidad de sellado con mayor tendencia en el margen gingival. Usar un adhesivo autograbador con una resina microhíbrida permite el completo sellado.

To evaluate the effect of thermocycling and the kind of conditioning in the sealing of a microhybrid resin. 20 healthy third molars were divided in two groups in terms of the adhesive system. At the same time, those were divided in two groups in terms of thermocycling. Class V cavities were made and then filled with the adhesive system and the used material. Teeth were thermocycled in water and stored in fuchsin solution at 0.5% during 24 hours. Microleakage of the used materials was evaluated. The Esthet-X-Xeno group did not show microleakage, opposite to the Esthet-X-P&B NT group which got a mean of 32 m (1000 Cycles) in the occlusal wall and a mean of 654 m (1000 cycles) in the gingival wall. The ANOVA and Tukey's DSH between the variable microleakage and thermocycling they indicate that the thermocycling influences in the capacity of seal of the material, being the significant statistics between the samples that were put under thermocycling and those that were not put under thermocycling (p=0,0000). Also, the ANOVA and Tukey's DSH between the variable microleakage and type of preparation indicate that statistically significant differences between the two variables exist, being observed that the Esthet-X group used with adhesive Xeno III presents smaller values of microleakage and the best averages of seal, as much for the oclusal wall as in compared the gingival wall the being with the group Esthet-X- Prime& Bond (p=0,0000). The thermociclyng and conditioning of the surface have an influence on the sealing ability of the microhybrid resin. Thermocycled diminishes the sealing ability with a higher trend in the gingival margin. Using a selfetching adhesive with a microhybrid resin allow complete sealing.

Influence of cavity preparation technique (rotary vs. ultrasonic) onmicroleakage and marginal fit of six end-root filling materials

Objectives: To evaluate in vitro the effect of cavity preparation with microburs and diamond-coated ultrasonic tipson the microleakage and marginal fit of six end-root filling materials.Study Design. The following materials were assessed: amalgam (Amalcap), zinc oxide eugenol (IRM), glassionomer (Vitrebond), compomer (Cavalite), mineral particle aggregate (MTA) and composite (Clearfil). Cavitypreparation was performed with microburs or diamond ultrasonic tips in single-root teeth. The seal was evaluatedin two experiments: a microleakage assay on the passage of dye to the interface; and a scanning electron microscopystudy and analysis of epoxy resin replicas, measuring the size of gaps in the interface between filling materialand cavity walls. Multifactorial ANOVA, multiple comparison test and Student’s t test were used for statisticalanalyses of the data, considering p<0.05 to be significant.Results: Clearfil and MTA achieved a hermetic seal. Leakage and interface gap size was greater with Cavalitethan with Clearfil and MTA, followed by Vitrebond and IRM. The worst seal was obtained with Amalcap. Theuse of diamond-coated ultrasonic tips improved the seal and reduced the gap when using materials that did nothermetically seal the cavity (Amalcap, IRM, Cavalite, Vitrebond). The preparation technique did not affectmaterials that achieved a hermetic seal (Clearfil, MTA).Conclusions: Clearfil and MTA obtained a hermetic seal due to their excellent marginal fit and are the mostrecommended materials for clinical use, taking account of their sealing capacity. Ultrasonic cavity preparationis preferable because it improves the seal and marginal fit of materials that do not achieve a hermetic seal of thecavity (Amalcap, IRM, Cavalite, Vitrebond) (AU)

Influence of cavity preparation technique (rotary vs. ultrasonic) on microleakage and marginal fit of six end-root filling materials.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate in vitro the effect of cavity preparation with microburs and diamond-coated ultrasonic tips on the microleakage and marginal fit of six end-root filling materials. STUDY DESIGN. The following materials were assessed: amalgam (Amalcap), zinc oxide eugenol (IRM), glass ionomer (Vitrebond), compomer (Cavalite), mineral particle aggregate (MTA) and composite (Clearfil). Cavity preparation was performed with microburs or diamond ultrasonic tips in single-root teeth. The seal was evaluated in two experiments: a microleakage assay on the passage of dye to the interface; and a scanning electron microscopy study and analysis of epoxy resin replicas, measuring the size of gaps in the interface between filling material and cavity walls. Multifactorial ANOVA, multiple comparison test and Student 's t test were used for statistical analyses of the data, considering p <0.05 to be significant. RESULTS: Clearfil and MTA achieved a hermetic seal. Leakage and interface gap size was greater with Cavalite than with Clearfil and MTA, followed by Vitrebond and IRM. The worst seal was obtained with Amalcap. The use of diamond-coated ultrasonic tips improved the seal and reduced the gap when using materials that did not hermetically seal the cavity (Amalcap, IRM, Cavalite, Vitrebond). The preparation technique did not affect materials that achieved a hermetic seal (Clearfil, MTA). CONCLUSIONS: Clearfil and MTA obtained a hermetic seal due to their excellent marginal fit and are the most recommended materials for clinical use, taking account of their sealing capacity. Ultrasonic cavity preparation is preferable because it improves the seal and marginal fit of materials that do not achieve a hermetic seal of the cavity (Amalcap, IRM, Cavalite, Vitrebond).

Wettability and bonding of self-etching dental adhesives. Influence of the smear layer.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate dentin wettability and bonding of self-etching and total-etch adhesives on smear layer-covered and smear layer-free dentin. METHODS: Three self-etching adhesives (Clearfil SE Bond, AdheSE and Xeno III) and one total-etch adhesive (SingleBond) were evaluated. The substrates were mid coronal smear layer-covered and smear layer-free dentin. Dentin wettability by resins was studied from contact angle measurement using sessile drop method and Axisymmetric Drop Shape Analysis (ADSA). Shear-bond strength was evaluated using a push-out technique (ad hoc design). Data were analysed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. RESULTS: Similar values of dentin wettability were obtained for all adhesives tested regardless the presence of smear layer. Even though, Xeno III and AdheSE exhibited slightly lower wettability (higher contact angles values) on smear layer-free dentin. Likewise, the presence of smear layer did not affect the shear-bond strength. Total-etch adhesive obtained higher shear-bond strength than self-etching adhesives, which obtained similar values. SIGNIFICANCE: Wettability is similar between self-etching and total-etch adhesives. The smear layer affects slightly the wettability of self-etching adhesives. Shear-bond strength is not sensitive to the smear layer presence. Total-etch adhesion is stronger than self-etching adhesion. There is no clear relationship between wettability and bond strength.

Effect of acid etching on dentin wettability and roughness: self-etching primers versus phosphoric acid.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of self-etching primers and phosphoric acid on the wettability and roughness of smear layer-covered and smear layer-free dentin. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Three self-etching primers (Clearfil SE Bond, AdheSE, and Xeno III) and 10% (w/w) phosphoric acid (H(3)PO(4)) solution were evaluated. The substrates were midcoronal dentin with and without smear layer. For each liquid, pH, density, and surface tension were determined. Water wettability of dentin and roughness were measured before and after each etching. Wettability of self-etching primers and phosphoric acid was measured on untreated dentin. RESULTS: Water wettability increased after acid conditioning similarly for all the liquids used. On smear layer-covered surfaces, self-etching primers achieved a comparable wetting but with greater contact angles than phosphoric acid. However, on smear layer-free surfaces, the increasing sequence of contact angle was Clearfil SE < AdheSE < Xeno III < Phosphoric acid. The treatment with phosphoric acid (lowest pH) produced the highest roughness increase on both dentin substrates. The roughening effect of the self-etching adhesives was more evident for AdheSE and Xeno III. CONCLUSIONS: Self-etching primers and phosphoric acid promote similar water wettability increase. However, self-etching primers provided lower dentin roughness increase than pretreatment with phosphoric acid. The presence of smear layer did not affect the results of self-etching and phosphoric acid treatments.

Comparación in vitro de la capacidad de penetración de un sellador convencional de fosas y fisuras con un sellador a base de ionómero de vidrio / In vitro comparison of the penetration capacity of a conventional sealant pit and fissure sealant with a glass ionomer

Objetivo: comparar la capacidad de penetración de un sellador de fisuras convencional con un ionómero de vidrio, en función del tipo de preparación de la fisura (realización o no de ameloplastía) Material y métodos: Se utilizaron 20 molares y premolares sanos y se dividieron en dos grupos, en función de la resina utilizada: Helioseal F (Vivadent), Fuji VII (Fuji). Cada grupo se subdividió a su vez en dos (fisura sin preparar o preparada con ameloplastía). Posteriormente la fisura fue grabada con ácido ortofosforico y una vez preparada se colocó la resina directamente. Una vez termociclados fueron seccionados longitudinalmente y se valoró microscópicamente la profundidad de la fisura y la penetración del sellador en la fisura. Se aplicaron el test de ANOVA y el de Tukey en el análisis de los datos. Resultados: El tipo de sellador utilizado influye en la capacidad de penetración. Así mismo el Fuji VII con ameloplastia fue el grupo que mayor penetración de la fisura consiguió. Al obtener el porcentaje de penetración en la fisura, en general los grupos con ameloplastia obtuvieron mayor penetración, sin embargo, no fueron estadísticamente significativos. Conclusiones: El tipo de preparación previa del diente no influye en la capacidad de penetración de los selladores estudiados y el tipo de material influye en la capacidad de penetración de los selladores estudiados, evidenciándose en general que el Fuji VII obtuvo valores más altos que el sellador Helioseal F

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the penetration of a conventional sealant and a glass ionomer sealant with and without enameloplasty. Methods: 20 caries free extracted molar teeth were used. The teeth were divided in two groups according to the kind of material and subdivide in two groups according to the preparation of occlusal surface. The teeth were thermocycled and then each tooth was sectioned longitudinally. Fissure depth and penetration ability of the sealants was evaluated under a stereomicroscope. The ANOVA and Tukey tests were applied in order to analyze then data. Results: The penetration ability was affected only by the applied material. The mechanical preparation promoted a higher penetration percentage in all the groups but without statistical signification. The material that best covered the fissure was Fuji VII. Conclusions: The previous mechanical preparation does not affect the penetration ability. The material influences the penetration ability and Fuji VII obtained the highest penetration values

Effect of pulp pressure on the micropermeability and sealing ability of etch & rinse and self-etching adhesives.

This research evaluated the effect of pulp pressure on the micropermeability and sealing ability of etch & rinse and self-etching adhesives. Two etch & rinse adhesives (Prime&Bond NT and Admira Bond) and one self-etching adhesive (Xeno III) were used. Adhesive layer micropermeability was evaluated by using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Eighteen molars were connected to a pulp pressure device and divided into two groups. One group was restored with pulp pressure and the other group without. Each group was divided into three subgroups according to the adhesive used. The adhesives were rhodamine-labeled and Class V cavities were restored. After restoration, all specimens were kept under pulp pressure conditions for 24 hours with fluorescein-labeled pulp fluid. The specimens were sectioned and the axial wall was observed under CLSM. A microleakage test was performed to evaluate the sealing. Thirty molars were divided into two groups. One group was prepared with a pulp pressure device and the other group without. Each group was divided into three subgroups as a function of the adhesive used. Class V cavities were restored and the specimens were immersed in fuchsin and sectioned. Microleakage and dentin penetration were recorded in the occlusal and gingival walls. A CLSM study showed that the etch & rinse adhesives had higher micropermeability compared to the self-etching adhesives and pulp pressure made all the adhesives more permeable. In the occlusal wall, the best sealing (hermetic) was obtained when etch & rinse adhesives were used. Xeno obtained the lowest occlusal sealing values. In the gingival wall, Xeno obtained the best sealing, followed by Admira and Prime&Bond. Pulp fluid decreased gingival wall sealing when etch & rinse adhesives were used but not when self-etching adhesive was used.

Microleakage of Class V composite restorations placed with etch-and-rinse and self-etching adhesives before and after thermocycling.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the sealing ability of etch-and-rinse and self-etching adhesives in Class V cavities before and after thermocycling in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Etch-and-rinse adhesives (Prime & Bond NT [P&B], XP Bond [XPB], Scotchbond 1 XT [SBX], Syntac [SYN]) and self-etching adhesives (Xeno III [XNO], i-Bond [IBO], Clearfil SE Bond [CLF]) were used. A microleakage test was performed to evaluate marginal sealing. Seventy molars were divided into seven groups according to the adhesive used. Class V cavities were restored and each group was divided into two subgroups. One group was water immersed for 24 h and the other was thermocycled. Then, specimens were immersed in fuchsin and sectioned. Microleakage and dentin permeability were recorded on occlusal and gingival walls and data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Etch-and-rinse adhesives provided perfect occlusal sealing. Self-etching adhesives obtained slight occlusal leakage. In the gingival wall, XNO and CLF showed the lowest leakage, followed by XPB and SBX, then P&B. SYN and IBO exhibited the highest leakage. All SE adhesives and XPB provided sealed dentinal tubules. Thermocycling did not affect the occlusal sealing but reduced the gingival sealing when P&B, SYN, XNO, CLF, and IBO were used. CONCLUSION: In enamel, marginal leakage was prevented when phosphoric acid was used. Self-etching adhesives promoted slight occlusal leakage. The gingival sealing was poorer than the occlusal sealing. XNO, CLF followed by XPB obtained the best gingival sealing. Thermocycling did not affect the occlusal bonding but reduced the gingival sealing, except when XPB and SBX were used.

Comparación de la capacidad de penetración de un sellador convencional de fosas y fisuras con un sellador a base de resina fluida / Comparison of the penetration capability of a conventional sealant pit and fissure with resin-based sealant fluid

Comparar la capacidad de penetración de un sellador de fisuras convencional con una resina fluida como sellador, en función del tipo de preparación de la fisura (realización o no de ameloplastía). Se utilizaron 20 molares y premolares sanos y se dividieron en dos grupos, en función de la resina utilizada: Helioseal F (Vivadent), Tetric Flow (Vivadent). Cada grupo se subdividió a su vez en dos (fisura sin preparar o preparada con ameloplastía). Posteriormente la fisura fue grabada con  cido ortofosforico y una vez preparada se colocó la resina directamente. Una vez termociclados fueron seccionados longitudinalmente y se valoró microscópicamente la profundidad de la fisura y la penetración del sellador en la fisura. Se aplicaron el test de ANOVA y el de Shefle en el análisis de los datos. El tipo de preparación y la resina influyen en la penetración del sellador. Así mismo el Tetric Flow con ameloplastia fue el grupo que mayor penetración de la fisura consiguió. La realización de ameloplastía facilita la penetración del sellador en la fisura y el uso de resinas fluidas mejora esa capacidad de penetración

The aim of this study was to compare the penetration of a conventional sealant and a flowing composite with and without enameloplasty. Methods: 20 caries free extracted molar and premolars was used. The teeth were divided in two groups according to the kind of material and subdivide in two groups according to the preparation of occlusal surface. The teeth were thermocycled and then each tooth was sectioned longitudinally. Fissure depth and penetration ability of the sealants was evaluated under a stereomicroscope. The ANOVA and test Shefle were applied in order to analyze then data. The fissure preparation and and material influence the penetration ability. The Tetric Flow and enameloplasty promoted the higher penetration. The capacity of penetration depends on the type of sealant used and mechanical preparation

Influence of eugenol contamination on the wetting of ground and etched dentin.

Forty third molars were sectioned parallel to the occlusal surface in order to expose superficial and deep dentin. Exposed surfaces were ground flat with 500-grit sandpaper. Contact angle measurements were performed to assess wettability using the ADSA-CD technique. Specimens were divided into two groups. Group 1 was the control group (no contamination). Group 2 served as the test group. Dentin surfaces were covered with a provisional eugenol-containing material (IRM) and were placed into a humidor at 37 degrees C for one week. The provisional material was removed. Wettability measurements of the two groups were made with water on ground dentin, with water and resin on etched dentin. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA, Student-Newman-Keuls multiple comparison and Student t-tests. Eugenol contamination did not affect the dentin wetting. Acid etching significantly diminished contact angle values. Dentin wetting was greater on deep dentin than on superficial dentin.

Effect of cooled composite inserts in the sealing ability of resin composite restorations placed at intraoral temperatures: an in vitro study.

Polymerization shrinkage causes microleakage of resin composite restorations. New materials and operative techniques should be developed in order to reduce polymerization shrinkage. This research studied the effects of cooled composite inserts and room-temperature composite inserts in the sealing ability of resin composite restorations placed at intraoral temperatures. Forty-eight extracted human molars (providing a total of 155 sections) were kept at intraoral temperatures, and Class V cavities were restored with an ormocer-based resin composite (Admira, Voco). Three restorative techniques were used: conventional bulk insertion (Group I or control group) (n = 53 sections), room-temperature resin composite inserts (Group II) (n = 52) and cooled resin composite inserts (Group III) (n = 50). Microleakage and penetrating microleakage were studied under the microscope. Cooled composite inserts reduce microleakage at the gingival margins with respect to Groups I (p = 0.002) and II (p = 0.014). When small-size cooled composite inserts were used, the sealing ability at the gingival margins of Class V composite restorations was improved with respect to the bulk insertion technique and the room-temperature composite inserts technique.